Diagnostic key to AGM in Australia

Figure 1. Lymantria dispar dispar, AGM, male; lab culture from Russian Far East (Photo: V. Rangsi)	Figure 2. Lymantria dispar dispar, AGM, male; lab culture (Photo: V. Rangsi)
Figure 3. Lymantria dispar dispar, European Gypsy Moth, male,  from US lab culture (Photo: V. Rangsi)	Figure 4. Lymantria dispar japonica, male, Japan (Photo: D. McClenaghan)
Figure 5. L. dispar dispar, AGM, female, lab culture (d, discal spot; sb, subbasal band; am, antemedial band; pm, postmedial band). (Photo: V. Rangsi)	Figure 6. Lymantria dispar japonica, female, Japan (Photo: D. McClenaghan)
Figure 7. Lymantria lunata, male; Ingham, Qld (d, discal spot). (Photo: D. McClenaghan)	Figure 8. Lymantria lunata, female; Cairns, Qld; reared fresh specimen (Photo: D. McClenaghan)
Figure 9. Lymantria lunata, female; Halifax, Qld; old, rubbed specimen. (Photo: V. Rangsi)
Figure 10. Lymantria pelospila, male, Drysdale R., WA. (Photo: D. McClenaghan)	Figure 11. Lymantria peslospila, male, nr Borroloola, NT. (Photo: D. McClenaghan)
Figure 12. Lymantria pelospila, male, Hann River, Qld. (Photo: D. McClenaghan)	Figure 13. Lymantria pelospila, male, Kuranda, Qld. (Photo: D. McClenaghan)
Figure 14. Lymnatria antennata, female, bigger magnification than males. (Photo: D. McClenaghan)
Figure 15. Lymantria antennata, male, Stannary Hill, Qld. (Photo: D. McClenaghan)	Figure 16. Lymantria antennata, male, Brisbane, Qld. (Photo: D. McClenaghan)
Figure 17. Lymantria antennata, male, Noosa, Qld. (Photo: V. Rangsi)	Figure 18. Lymantria antennata, male, Grafton, NSW. (Photo: D. McClenaghan)
Figure 19. Lymantria antennata, male, Burleigh Heads, Qld. (Photo: D. McClenaghan)	Figure 20. Lymantria antennata, male, Burleigh Heads, Qld. (Photo: D. McClenaghan)
Figure 21. Lymantria nephrographa, male, Upper Allyn River, NSW. (Photo: D. McClenaghan)	Figure 22. L. nephrographa, male, Lamington National Park, Qld. (Photo: D. McClenaghan)
Figure 23. L. nephrographa, female, Acacia Plateau, NSW. (Photo: D. McClenaghan)
Figure 24. Antenna, tip of branches with long spinules (L. antennata, male). (Photo: V. Rangsi)	Figure 25. Connection uncus (u) and tegumen (t): a, continuous, L. antennata; b, membranous zone in between (m), L. nephrographa. (Photo: V. Rangsi)

Figure 31. Lymantria lunata, male, Papua New Guinea (Photo: V. Rangsi)	Figure 32. Lymantria lunata, male, Cairns (photo: V. Rangsi)
Figure 33. Lymantria lunata, male, detail of lateral tegumen processes (arrows) (Photo: V. Rangsi)
Figure 34. Lymantria lunata, female, sterigma (Photo: V. Rangsi)	Figure 35. Lymantria lunata, female (db, ductus bursae; cb, corpus bursae (Photo: V. Rangsi)

Figure 41. Lymantria antennata, female, Townsville. (Photo: V. Rangsi)	Figure 42. Lymantria antennata, female, Kuranda. (Photo: V. Rangsi)
Figure 43. Lymantria antennata, sterigma. (Photo: V. Rangsi)	Figure 44. Lymantria pelospila, sterigma. (Photo: V. Rangsi)

Figure 45. Lymantria pelospila, with ventral pair of setose lobes between ovipositor lobes (arrows). (Photo: V. Rangsi)	Figure 46. Lymantria nephrographa, male genitalia. (Photo: V. Rangsi)
Figure 47. Lymantria nephrographa, female genitalia (Photo: V. Rangsi)	Figure 48. Lymantria nephrographa, sterigma. (Photo: V. Rangsi)

Scales from egg batches of Lymantriidae and of Ochrogaster lunifer

Figure 49. L. dispar, Russian population, scales from egg batch. (Photo: Eric Hines. Copyright CSIRO Entomology)

Figure 50. L. dispar, Japanese population, scales from egg batch.(Photo: Eric Hines. Copyright CSIRO Entomology)

Figure 51. L. dispar, population from Sardiania, scales from egg batch. (Photo: Eric Hines. Copyright CSIRO Entomology)

Figure 52. Lymantria mathura Moore, scales from egg batch. (Photo: Eric Hines. Copyright CSIRO Entomology)

Figure 53. Lymantria xylina Swinhoe, scales from egg batch. (Photo: Eric Hines. Copyright CSIRO Entomology)

Figure 54. Leptocneria reducta (Walker), Australia, scales from abdominal tuft. (Photo: Eric Hines. Copyright CSIRO Entomology)

Figure 55. Euproctis edwardsii (Newman), Australia, scales from abdominal tuft. (Photo: Eric Hines. Copyright CSIRO Entomology)

Figure 56. Euproctis sp. A, Australia, scales from abdominal tuft. (Photo: Eric Hines. Copyright CSIRO Entomology)

Figure 57. Acyphas semiochrea (Herrich-Schäffer), Australia, scales from abdominal tuft. (Photo: Eric Hines. Copyright CSIRO Entomology)

Figure 59. Ochrogaster lunifer (Herrich-Schäffer), (Notodontidae), Australia, scales from abdominal tuft. (Photo: Eric Hines. Copyright CSIRO Entomology)

This key is intended for material collected in disparlure traps, a pheromone not reported from any other lymantriid genus except Lymantria. Hence only the genus Lymantria is considered. The first couplet serves to confirm that the material in the trap is a Lymantria and not a specimen of another family which blundered into the trap rather than being attracted by the pheromone. Lymantria females are keyed out to provide the relevant information for the entire genus even though they will not be caught in a pheromone trap. Technical terms are explained in the glossary.

1. Coiled tongue visible between palps in ventral view, antenna not bipectinate or if bipectinate branches not ending in a long spinule each..........not Lymantriidae
-           No tongue visible between palps, antenna bipectinate and each branch ending in a long spinule (Fig.24)(Lymantriidae)..........2

2. Antenna with long pectinations (Figs 1, 13); frenulum a single bristle; males.........3
-           Antenna with short pectinations (Fig. 8); frenulum several bristles; small pair of setose lobes ventrally between ovipositor lobes (Fig. 45); females..........6

3. Uncus continuous with tegumen (Fig. 25a); valva with distal finger-shaped process (Figs 26, 31, 36, 38)..........4
-           Uncus separated from tegumen by membranous zone (Fig. 25b); valva rhomboid, pointed, not with finger-shaped process (Fig. 46)......... L. nephrographa

4. Finger-shaped valva process straight and a direct continuation of straight costa (Figs 26, 27); abdomen never with pink scales..........AGM
-           Costa dorsally projecting in a curve or hump between base and inception of finger-shaped process (Figs 36, 38), or process from middle of outer valva margin (Figs 31, 32); abdomen often with pink scales..........5

5. Finger-shaped process from middle of outer valva margin (Figs 31, 32); valva subrectangular with costa and ventral margin straight and parallel; tegumen with lateral, paired, small, finger-shaped processes (Figs 31, 32, 33)..........L. lunata
-           Finger-shaped process projecting at right angle from inner surface of valva near costa (Figs 36-40); costa and ventral valva margin not straight; tegumen without paired lateral processes (Figs 36-38)..........L. pelospila and L. antennata

6. Flightless, with only minute forewing stumps (Fig. 14); sterigma (Fig. 28) two paired, spinulose, posteriorly rounded lobes (Figs 43, 44)..........L. pelospila and L. antennata
-           Forewings developed..........7

7. Discal spot a whitish crescentic mark with a blackish border, surrounded by other complex pattern elements (Fig. 23); hindwing with dark grey scaling in basal half; sterigma two elongate-triangular plates with a row of bristles posteriorly (Fig. 48)..........L. nephrographa
-           Discal spot a black crescentic mark (Figs 5-7), sometimes fused to antemedial band (Figs 8, 9), hindwing pale right to base..........8

8. Antemedial band (Fig. 5) well developed, straight and often wide, as dark as discal spot (Figs 8, 9); sterigma subrectangular spinulose area with pronounced ventral lip with lateral bristles and a central depression leading to funnel-shaped posterior end of ductus bursae (Fig. 34)..........L. lunata
-           Antemedial band a weak, angled, zig-zag line, paler than conspicuous discal spot (Figs 5, 6); sterigma a broad ring, anteriorly smooth, posteriorly separated into two spinulose lobes, with posterior end of ductus bursae barrel-shaped, sclerotised (Figs 28-30)..........AGM

Glossary of terms

aedeagus - penis, intromittent organ of male genitalia

antemedial band - transverse darker band on forewing, in Lymantria usually just after middle

bipectinate - pectinate on two sides

corpus bursae - inflated anterior portion of bursa copulatrix

costa - anterior margin of wing

discal cell - large median cell of Lepidoptera wing

discal spot - mark associated with the crossvein distally closing the discal cell

dorsum - hindmargin of wing (wing extended at right angle to body)

ductus bursae - posterior narrow portion of bursa copulatrix

frenulum - single (male) or several (female) bristles from base of hindwing costa linking hindwing to forewing

gnathos - paired processes from tegumen below uncus

juxta - sclerotised plate between valvae, ventral to and hinged with aedeagus

ovipositor lobes - paired hairy, terminal lobes of female genitalia

postmedial band - transverse darker band on forewing distal to antemedial band

sacculus - ventral process of male genitalia

signum - conspicuous, sclerotised structure in wall of corpus bursae

sterigma - sclerotised structures around entrance to ductus seminalis

subbasal band - transverse darker band on forewing at about 1/3 costa in Lymantria

tegumen - dorsal portion of male genitalia

uncus - terminal portion of tegumen

valva - paired, lateral clasping organs in male genitalia